Water Treatment

PROCESS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT : Wastewater enters the treatment plant First it goes through a fine screen, next to aerated grit chamber, and then enters the primary clarifier. Sludge settled in the primary clarifier is sent to the fermenters and then to digesters. After the primary treatment, wastewater flows into (BNR) bioreactors. The activated sludge is separated in the following secondary clarifier. The clear effluent flows into Ultraviolet (UV), then to River. Settled activated sludge in the secondary clarifier is pumped back to BNR. Excess sludge is pumped into the dissolved air floatation (DAF) unit for thickening. Wastewater is collected in sanitary sewers (a complex network of underground pipes). Upon reaching the treatment plant, the wastewater flows through a series of treatment processes which remove the wastes from the

INTRODUCTION: Phosphorus Occurs in natural waste water almost soley as phosphate. These are classified as orthophosphate condensed phosphate organically bound phosphate are applied as fertillizer to agricultural residential cultivated land are carried out to ground waters. This forms of phosphate arise from variety of sources. This occurs in solution in particle or detriters or in bodies of in aquatic organism. Phosphorus is essential for growth of organism and can be nutrient that limits the primary productivity of body of water in instancy where phosphorus broth liniting nutrient or treated or treated water. Agricultural orannage certain industrial waste water. Test immunate photo lequane micro, macro organism in new senic quantity. Phosphate occurs in bottom sediment in biological sludge and both precipitated in organic forms incorporated into organic compound. TYPE OF METHOD A. DIGESTION METHOD   1. Perchlorate acid digestion.   2. Sulfuric acid, nitric acid dig

INTRODUCTION: Nitrite is an intermediate oxidation state of nitrogen both in the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate & in the reduction of nitrate. Such oxidation & reduction may occur in waste water treatment, water distribution system & natural water. Nitrite can enter a supply system through it use as a corrosion inhibitor in industrial process water. Nitrite is the actual etiological agent at methemoglobimia. Nitrous acid which is formed from nitrite in acidic solution can react with nitro samines , many of which are known to be carcinogens . PRINCIPLE: Nitrite is determined through formation of reddish purple azo dye produced at pH 2.0 to 2.5 by coupling diazotize sulphanilamine with N’ (1- napthyl) ethyl diamine dihydrochloride (NED). The applicable range of the method for photometric measurement is 10-10,000 micro gram NO2/l. Photometric measurement can be made in the range 5 to 50 µg N2/l, if a 5cm light path & a green color filter are used. Higher n

INTRODUCTION: Nitrate is found only in small amounts in fresh domestic wastewater but in the effluent of nitrifying biological treatment plants nitrate may be found in concentration up to 30mg nitrate as nitrogen/L. It is essential nutrient for many photosynthetic autotrophs and in some cases has been identified as the growth-limiting nutrient. Generally 10mg nitrate nitrogen/L of drinking water is recommended to prevent disorder called methemoglobinemia in infants. Determination of nitrate nitrogen is difficult because of the relatively complex procedure. Although UV technique that measures the absorbance of nitrate at 220nm is suitable for measuring nitrate in wastewater. PRINCIPLE: This technique is useful for the screening of sample that has low organic content that is uncontaminated natural water and potable water supplies. The nitrate calibration curve follows Beer's Law up to 11 mgN/L. Measurement of UV absorbance at 220nm enables rapid determination of nitrate

INTRODUCTION: In waste water, the forms of nitrogen are of great interest in order of decrealing oxidation state. Nitrite, nitrate, ammonia & organic nitrogen all there forms of nitrogen as well as N2 are biochemically interconvertabale & are components of N2 cycle. they are of great interest for many reasons. Ammonia is present naturally in surface & wastewater. Its conc. is generally low in ground water because it absorbs sail particles & clays & is not reached by from oils. It is produced largely by de amination of organic N2 containing compounds by hydrolysis of some water treatment plants Ammonia is added to react with chlorine to form combine fluorine residual ammonia conc. Encountered in water very strong less than 10 mg ammonia nitrogen per liter. In some natural surface & ground water to more than 30 mg per liter in some waste water. Various methods available for the estimation of ammonia nitrogen are: 1.        Ammonia selective electro